![\"\"](\"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CRISIS-1024x857.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nENGLISH BELOW<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1637. La crisis de los Tulipanes<\/strong> 1819. El p\u00e1nico de 1819<\/strong> 1884. El p\u00e1nico de 1884<\/strong> 1937. La crisis olvidada<\/strong> 1991<\/strong>. La I guerra del Golfo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n En 1991 Sadam Husein ataca e invade Kuwait. En respuesta una coalici\u00f3n de 34 pa\u00edses se enfrenta a las fuerzas de Irak para expulsarla del pa\u00eds. Estas intervenciones hacen fluctuar el precio del petr\u00f3leo a nivel global y el posterior gasto para pagar los costes de la guerra y la reconstrucci\u00f3n tras la guerra llevan a una recesi\u00f3n global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1994. Efecto Tequila<\/strong> 2008. La ca\u00edda de Lehman Brothers<\/strong> 2010. La crisis de deuda soberana<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Un terremoto que sacudi\u00f3 en mayor o menor medida a toda Europa e incluso puso en entredicho el futuro del euro que, adem\u00e1s, desencaden\u00f3 estrictos planes de austeridad para tratar de cumplir los objetivos de d\u00e9ficit y restablecer la confianza en los mercados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2020. Coronavirus COVID-19<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n La pandemia provocada por el SARS-2 COVID-19, acab\u00f3 pro crear una fuerte crisis internacional por las restricciones y parada generalizada de la actividad industrial y econ\u00f3mica mundial para tratar de contener la pandemia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2022. Invasi\u00f3n de Ucrania<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Con la incipiente recuperaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica tras la pandemia, la Federaci\u00f3n Rusa invade Ucrania provocando la reacci\u00f3n de Europa que adopta medidas econ\u00f3micas de presi\u00f3n a Rusia como el rechazo a comprar su gas y petr\u00f3leo, lo que aumenta su precio en los mercados internacionales y acaban afectando a la econom\u00eda mundial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ENGLISH TEXT<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1637. The Tulip Crisis<\/strong> 1720. The South Sea Bubble<\/strong> 1797. The Panic of 1797<\/strong> 1819. The Panic of 1819<\/strong> 1837. The Panic of 1837<\/strong> 1857. The Panic of 1857<\/strong> 1884. The Panic of 1884<\/strong> 1901. The Panic of 1901<\/strong> 1907. Bankers’ Panic<\/strong> 1929. The Crash of ’29 or The Great Depression<\/strong> 1937. The Forgotten Crisis<\/strong> 1974. The Oil Crisis<\/strong> 1987. Black Monday<\/strong> 1991. The First Gulf War<\/strong> 1994. Tequila Effect<\/strong> 1997. The Asian Financial Crisis<\/strong> 2000. The Dot-Com Bubble<\/strong> 2008. The Collapse of Lehman Brothers<\/strong> 2010. The Sovereign Debt Crisis<\/strong> 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19)<\/strong> 2022. Invasion of Ukraine<\/strong> Pol\u00edptico de 7 piezas | Polyptych of 7 piecesTinta pigmentada sobre papel de algod\u00f3n (sihl 3315 creative smooth de 320 gr.) | Pigmented ink on cotton paper (sihl 3315 creative smooth 320 gr.) 107,5 x 61 cm cada una | each Obra \u00fanica | Unique piece ENGLISH BELOW 1637. La crisis de los TulipanesLos bulbos […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":681,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6,3,4,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/670"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=670"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":708,"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/670\/revisions\/708"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/681"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/ramon-mateos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Los bulbos del tulip\u00e1n se convirtieron en un valor especulativo que todo el mundo quer\u00eda poseer. Uno de ellos pod\u00eda llegar a valer 3.000 florines (m\u00e1s de 50.000 euros actuales). Unos pocos inversores se retiraron. Se cre\u00f3 el p\u00e1nico. Lo precios cayeron y miles de personas se arruinaron.
1720. Burbuja de los Mares del Sur<\/strong>
En Inglaterra se creaba la Compa\u00f1\u00eda de Los Mares del Sur y en Francia la Banque Royale para poder absorber y comercializar la deuda p\u00fablica de los dos Estados y sus empresas. Quebraron y arrastraron a toda Europa a una gran recesi\u00f3n.
1797. El p\u00e1nico de 1797<\/strong>
Una burbuja de suelo en Estados Unidos estalla ese a\u00f1o. El Parlamento brit\u00e1nico elimina la obligatoriedad de que el Banco de Inglaterra tenga que convertir los billetes en oro. Esto se suma a una retirada masiva de depositantes de bancos brit\u00e1nicos que tem\u00edan una invasi\u00f3n francesa por parte de Napole\u00f3n. Miles de deudores arruinados fueron encarcelados.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Los bancos estatales de Estados Unidos emitieron moneda para dar pr\u00e9stamos a agricultores que quer\u00edan comprar tierras, lo que foment\u00f3 una burbuja especulativa de estas. Cuando el US Bank congel\u00f3 el cr\u00e9dito y reclam\u00f3 que los bancos estatales devolvieran sus deudas, muchos quebraron.
1837. El p\u00e1nico de 1837<\/strong>
Los bancos norteamericanos dejaron de hacer sus pagos en oro y plata. El presidente Andrew Jackson rehus\u00f3 renovar los estatutos jur\u00eddicos del Second Bank of the United States, lo cual significaba la retirada de los fondos del gobierno de ese banco. La crisis dur\u00f3 cinco a\u00f1os.
1857. El p\u00e1nico de 1857<\/strong>
El Reino Unido se salta su propia ley para mantener las mismas reservas de oro y plata que de billetes en circulaci\u00f3n. La quiebra de la Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, una crisis del sector ferroviario norteamericano y el hundimiento de un barco cargado de oro camino de Nueva York provocaron la primera crisis econ\u00f3mica a nivel mundial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Las entidades financieras Grant and Ward, Marine National Bank de Nueva York y el Penn Bank de Pittsburgh quebraron y provocaron un efecto domin\u00f3 en Wall Street. La crisis se pudo contener en Nueva York y varios bancos tuvieron que ser rescatados, pero m\u00e1s de 10.000 empresas quebraron.
1901. El p\u00e1nico de 1901<\/strong>
El primer crack de la bolsa de Nueva York fue causado por una lucha entre E. H. Harriman, Jacob Schiff y J. P. Morgan\/James J. Hill por el control financiero del Ferrocarril del Pac\u00edfico Norte. Los grandes banqueros acabaron por llegar a un acuerdo, pero miles de peque\u00f1os inversores se arruinaron.
1907. El p\u00e1nico de los banqueros<\/strong>
Varios bancos de Nueva York retiraron liquidez del mercado. Los depositantes perdieron la confianza en los bancos porque no hab\u00eda un prestamista de \u00faltima instancia y por la falta de regulaci\u00f3n. En esta ocasi\u00f3n, J. P. Morgan convenci\u00f3 a varios grandes banqueros para mantener el sistema a flote a base de inyectar capital.
1929. Crack del 29 o La Gran Depresi\u00f3n<\/strong>
La mayor crisis, la m\u00e1s larga y la que afect\u00f3 a un mayor n\u00famero de pa\u00edses en todo el siglo XX. Los grandes m\u00e1rgenes y beneficios que daba la especulaci\u00f3n burs\u00e1til desde 1925 se truncaron con los desplomes del 24 de octubre, el \u201cjueves negro\u201d, y cinco d\u00edas m\u00e1s tarde, el \u201cmartes negro\u201d. El contagio hizo temblar las bolsas de todo el planeta. La recesi\u00f3n se sinti\u00f3 hasta finales de la II Guerra Mundial. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
En 1933, la econom\u00eda y el empleo norteamericanos se hab\u00edan recuperado del crack del 29. El presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt cre\u00eda que era momento de retirar los est\u00edmulos, como reducir el gasto p\u00fablico y las pol\u00edticas monetarias expansivas. Pero la econom\u00eda estaba m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil y asistida de lo que pensaban y en el 37 volvi\u00f3 a caer la bolsa y a crecer el desempleo.
1974. La crisis del petr\u00f3leo<\/strong>
La Organizaci\u00f3n de Pa\u00edses \u00c1rabes Exportadores de Petr\u00f3leo cerr\u00f3 el grifo del petr\u00f3leo a los pa\u00edses que hab\u00edan apoyado a Israel durante la guerra de Yom Kippur, que enfrentaba a Israel con Siria y Egipto. Especialmente a Estados Unidos y los Pa\u00edses Bajos. Dos a\u00f1os antes, Nixon hab\u00eda abandonado el patr\u00f3n oro y el d\u00f3lar se devalu\u00f3 varias veces. La subida del precio del crudo llev\u00f3 a la econom\u00eda global a una recesi\u00f3n durante 1974.
1987. El Lunes Negro<\/strong>
El lunes 19 de octubre de 1987 hubo un desplome en las bolsas de todo el mundo sin ning\u00fan motivo aparente m\u00e1s que el p\u00e1nico. Arranc\u00f3 en Hong Kong, se propag\u00f3 a las bolsas europeas cuando estas abrieron y por \u00faltimo lleg\u00f3 a Estados Unidos. Warren Buffett perdi\u00f3 cerca de 350 millones de d\u00f3lares en un solo d\u00eda. Bill Gates m\u00e1s de 250 millones. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
El 1 de enero de 1994 entr\u00f3 en vigor el Tratado de Libre Comercio de Am\u00e9rica del Norte (TLCAN) entre M\u00e9xico, Estados Unidos y Canad\u00e1. Los gobiernos mexicanos se endeudaron con bonos referidos al d\u00f3lar para mejorar infraestructuras y atraer la inversi\u00f3n. Cuando el peso se hundi\u00f3, la deuda se hizo impagable y arrastr\u00f3 la econom\u00eda. Bill Clinton tuvo que inyectar 20.000 millones de d\u00f3lares en la divisa mexicana para reflotarla y que no arrastrara a otros pa\u00edses.
1997. La crisis financiera asi\u00e1tica<\/strong>
Lo que hasta el momento se hab\u00eda llamado el \u201cmilagro econ\u00f3mico asi\u00e1tico\u201d se derrumb\u00f3, entre otras cosas, por la debilidad de sus monedas frente al d\u00f3lar. La devaluaci\u00f3n de la moneda tailandesa fue la primera. Le siguieron Malasia, Indonesia y Filipinas. El contagio se not\u00f3 en casi todos los pa\u00edses de Asia y en las bolsas de todo el globo, lo que llev\u00f3 a llamarla la \u201cprimera gran crisis de la globalizaci\u00f3n\u201d.
2000. La burbuja puntocom<\/strong>
Atra\u00eddos por las nuevas empresas de internet y la econom\u00eda digital, los inversores encontraron en esta nueva industria el lugar perfecto para invertir. Los grandes movimientos especulativos convirtieron r\u00e1pidamente este mercado en una burbuja. Al no dar los resultados esperados, los inversores huyeron y en el a\u00f1o 2000 empezaron a caer. El NASDAQ, bolsa de empresas electr\u00f3nicas, pas\u00f3 de cotizar por encima de los 5.000 puntos en el a\u00f1o 2000 a 1.300 en octubre de 2002. Cerca de 5.000 empresas puntocom cerraron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Las hipotecas subprime<\/em>, las arriesgadas apuestas en el casino financiero y d\u00e9cadas de desregulaci\u00f3n financiera provocaron que, el 15 de septiembre, el gigante financiero norteamericano quebrara. Las bolsas de todo el planeta cayeron de manera estrepitosa, se congel\u00f3 el cr\u00e9dito y cerca de 30 pa\u00edses arrancaron una crisis econ\u00f3mica que hoy en d\u00eda todav\u00eda no se ha podido superar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tulip bulbs became a speculative commodity that everyone wanted to own. One bulb could be worth as much as 3,000 guilders (more than \u20ac50,000 today). A few investors pulled out. Panic ensued. Prices fell and thousands of people were ruined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In England, the South Sea Company was created, and in France, the Banque Royale was created to absorb and trade the public debt of both states and their companies. They went bankrupt causing a major recession that spread across Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A real estate bubble burst in the United States that year. The British Parliament suspended the obligation for the Bank of England to convert banknotes into gold. This was compounded by a massive withdrawal of depositors from British banks who feared a French invasion under Napoleon. Thousands of ruined debtors were imprisoned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
State banks in the United States issued currency to lend to farmers who wanted to buy land, fueling a speculative bubble. When the US Bank froze credit and demanded repayment from the state banks, many went bankrupt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
American banks stopped making payments in gold and silver. President Andrew Jackson refused to renew the legal charter of the Second Bank of the United States, which meant the withdrawal of government funds from the bank. The crisis lasted five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The United Kingdom broke its own law to maintain the same reserves of gold and silver as banknotes in circulation. The bankruptcy of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, a crisis in the American railroad sector, and the sinking of a ship loaded with gold on its way to New York triggered the first global economic crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The financial institutions Grant and Ward, Marine National Bank of New York, and Penn Bank of Pittsburgh went bankrupt, causing a domino effect on Wall Street. The crisis was contained in New York, and several banks had to be bailed out, but more than 10,000 companies went bankrupt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The first crash of the New York Stock Exchange was caused by a struggle between E. H. Harriman, Jacob Schiff, and J. P. Morgan\/James J. Hill for financial control of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The big bankers eventually reached an agreement, but thousands of small investors were ruined. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Several New York banks withdrew liquidity from the market. Depositors lost confidence in banks because there was no lender of last resort and due to a lack of regulation. On this occasion, J. P. Morgan convinced several major bankers to keep the system afloat by injecting capital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The biggest crisis, the longest and the one that affected the greatest number of countries throughout the 20th century. The large margins and profits generated by stock market speculation since 1925 were wiped out by the crashes of October 24, \u201cBlack Thursday,\u201d and five days later, \u201cBlack Tuesday.\u201d The contagion shook stock markets around the world. The recession lasted until the end of World War II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
By 1933, the US economy and employment had recovered from the crash of 1929. President Franklin D. Roosevelt believed it was time to withdraw stimulus measures, such as reducing public spending and scaling back expansionary monetary policies. But the economy was weaker and more dependent on support than was expected, and in 1937 the stock market fell again and unemployment rose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries cut off oil supplies to countries that had supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War, which pitted Israel against Syria and Egypt. This particularly affected the United States and the Netherlands. Two years earlier, Nixon had abandoned the gold standard and the dollar had been repeatedly devalued. The rise in crude oil prices led the global economy into recession in 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On Monday, October 19, 1987, stock markets around the world crashed for no apparent reason other than panic. It started in Hong Kong, spread to European stock markets when they opened, and finally reached the United States. Warren Buffett lost nearly $350 million in a single day. Bill Gates lost over $250 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In 1991, Saddam Hussein attacked and invaded Kuwait. In response, a coalition of 34 countries confronted Iraqi forces to expel them from the country. These interventions caused global oil prices to fluctuate, and the subsequent spending to pay for the costs of the war and post-war reconstruction plunged the global economy into a recession.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Mexico, the United States, and Canada came into effect. Mexican governments borrowed against dollar-denominated bonds to improve infrastructure and attract investment. When the peso collapsed, the debt became unsustainable and dragged down the economy. Bill Clinton had to inject $20 billion into the Mexican currency to stabilize it and prevent it from dragging down other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What had long been hailed as the \u00abAsian economic miracle\u00bb collapsed, among other things, due to the weakness of its currencies against the dollar. The Thai currency was the first to be devalued. Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines followed. The contagion was felt in almost all Asian countries and on stock markets around the globe, earning it the name of the \u00abfirst major crisis of globalization\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Attracted by new internet companies and the digital economy, investors found this new industry to be the perfect place to invest. Large speculative movements quickly turned this market into a bubble. When it failed to deliver the expected results, investors fled and in 2000 the market began to fall. The NASDAQ, the technology-focused stock exchange, went from trading above 5,000 points in 2000 to 1,300 in October 2002. Nearly 5,000 dot-com companies closed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Subprime mortgages, risky bets in the financial casino, and decades of financial deregulation led to the bankruptcy of the American financial giant on September 15. Stock markets around the world plummeted, credit froze, and nearly 30 countries entered an economic crisis that is still being felt today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An earthquake that shook Europe to a greater or lesser extent and even called into question the future of the euro, and triggered strict austerity measures to try to meet deficit targets and restore confidence in the markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 ended up creating a severe international crisis due to restrictions and a widespread halt in global industrial and economic activity in an attempt to contain the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
With the incipient economic recovery after the pandemic, the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine, prompting a reaction from Europe, which adopted economic measures to put pressure on Russia, such as refusing to buy its gas and oil, which increased prices on international markets and ultimately affected the global economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"